Histoires Naturelles

''Histoires naturelles'' ("Natural Histories") is a song cycle by Maurice Ravel, composed in 1906. It sets five poems by Jules Renard to music for voice and piano. Ravel's pupil Manuel Rosenthal created a version for voice and orchestra."Histoires naturelles"
''The Oxford Companion to Music'', Oxford University Press, retrieved 11 March 2015 The cycle is dedicated to the mezzo-soprano Jane Bathori, who gave the first performance, accompanied by the composer, on 12 January 1907.Cox, David
"Bathori, Jane"
Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press, retrieved 12 March 2015

Content

The five songs are:
*Le paon (The peacock)
**The peacock is described as waiting in his finery for the peahen he is to marry. She does not appear, but his vanity makes him confident that she will come tomorrow.Anderson, pp. 17–19
*Le grillon (The cricket)
**The cricket returns to his home at the end of the day and obsessively puts it in order, before burrowing deep into the earth.
*Le cygne (The swan)
**The swan is distracted by reflections in the water, confusing the image of his own neck for a woman's arm. Each time he plunges his beak into the water vainly fishing for reflections he brings out a worm, and so grows fat.
*Le martin-pêcheur (The kingfisher)
**A fisherman is pleased and proud that a beautiful kingfisher has just perched on his fishing rod before eventually flying on.
*La pintade (The guinea fowl)
**The guinea fowl is ugly and belligerent, attacking the hens and even the turkey in the farmyard. She occasionally gives them some respite when she leaves the yard to lay an egg out of sight, in the countryside.

Of the poems Ravel said, "the direct, clear language and the profound, hidden poetry of Jules Renard's works tempted me for a long time." Renard recorded in his diary:

Reception

The premiere caused controversy, creating a divide between those who regarded the music as an affront and those who appreciated its populist style. In formal French poetry recitation and singing, it is usual to pronounce schwas ('mute e's) in situations in which they would normally be dropped. In ''Histoires naturelles'', Ravel directed the singer to drop many but not all of these schwas, offending some listeners. Others have appreciated the composer's informal approach while suspecting it of ''de haut en bas'' jokiness. Even Ravel's former teacher and supporter Gabriel Fauré was not happy with the work, though his disapproval was more of the verses than of his protégé's music. According to Graham Johnson, Fauré's reaction may also have been due to the fact that many of the audience left at the interval and that the second half of this concert included the first performances of Fauré's first piano quintet, fourth Impromptu and eighth Barcarolle.Graham Johnson. Programme notes for The Songmakers' Almanac, Wigmore Hall, London, 21 October 1987. The Ravel scholar Roger Nichols considers the cycle "an important step in Ravel's evolution, as significant of those of ''Jeux d'eau'' and ''Miroirs''". Johnson also quotes Vuillermoz's recollections of Ravel's own vocal mannerism of letting his voice fall a fourth or fifth at the end of a phrase – which occurs in many places in both ''Histoires naturelles'' and his contemporary opera ''L'heure espagnole''. Some musicologists have seen the cycle as a descendant of the genre initiated by Chabrier in his four 'farmyard' songs of 1890. Delage, Roger. Ravel and Chabrier (translated by Frayda Lindemann). ''Musical Quarterly'', 1975, t. LXI/4, p551.

Notes

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Histoires naturelles
1906 compositions
Song cycles by Maurice Ravel
Mélodies
Classical song cycles in French
Music with dedications
Music based on poems